What factors that affect health are more stable and less easily changed?
(a) Proximal
(b) Distal
(c) Transitional (d) Intermediate
The major reason for the great differences in health outcomes and life expectancy worldwide are due to the effects of:
(a) Inclusion, behavior, and ethnicity
(b)Marginalisation, behavior, and social cohesion
(c) Privilege and power, ethnicity and social cohesion
(d) Deprivation, marginalization, privilege, and power
The aim of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health conceptual framework is to explain influences on the:
(a) Distribution of health and well-being at an individual level
(b) Distribution of health and well-being at a popular level
(c) Rates of illness and disease within a population
(d) Rates of illness and disease between individuals
Which influences does the Rainbow Model of determinants of health have as the core and the outermost layer?
(a) Individual lifestyle factors, and social, and community network
(b) Individual person, and living working conditions
(c) Individual person and general socio-economic, cultural and environmental conditions
(d) Individual lifestyle factors and general socio-economic, cultural and environmental
conditions
Unemployment or underemployment strongly influences an individual’s:
(a) Physical,mentalandsocialhealth
(b) Biological and genetic endowment (c)Cultural attributes
(d) Family support
What is the major reason that a groups health may not improve despite provision of health services?
(a) An organisational culture that supports equity (b) Staff structures within the health service (c) Culturally insensitive ways of health care provision (d) Embedding health promotion within the service
What do Wilkinson and Marmot (1998, 2003) mean by the term social gradient?
(a) Poor quality of life and lower socio-economic conditions cause social exclusion (b) Lower socio-economic conditions result in a shorter life expectancy than for those higher up the socio-economic ladder
(c) Good social networks are more evident in people with lower socioeconomic conditions (d) responsibility
Which group does the evidence show as being at the highest risk of poor health and chronic disease in Australia?
(a) People without a home
(b) Indigenous Australians
(c) People living in rural areas
(d) All of the above
Talcott Parsons’s view on the role of health services in society was that they:
(a) Promoted and maintained social order
(b) Decreased population health level
(c) Reduced legislative requirements
(d) Promoted inequities in society
Which of the following determinants has a positive effect on health?
(a) Social exclusion
(b) Highcarownershipperpersonratio
(c) Early childhood support
(d) Job in security
In which layer of the Rainbow Model are education opportunities situated?
(a) Social and community network
(b) Living and working conditions
(c) Individual lifestyle factors
(d) Generalsocio-economic, cultural and environmental conditions
What was the World Health Organisation statement that set out five areas of action to improve health?
(a) Alma Ata Declaration
(b) Bangkok Charter
(c) Ottawa Charter
(d) Adelaide Declaration
The structural divers affecting health that form part of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health’s conceptual framework result from?
(a) Social stratification and equality
(b) Biological and genetic factors
(c) Family support networks
(d) Healthcare system policy
What role did Talcott Parsons see health services occupying?
(a) Maintaining social order
(b) Decreasing social stability
(c) Reducing population health
(d) None of the above
According to Kickbusch, what effect on South Australia would realizing the potential for health reform have?
(a) Reduce economics activities
(b) Reduce the need for a range of health workers
(c) Increase contribution to economic activity
(d) Increase health literacy
Which of the following determinants are found in the Rainbow Model layer Living and Working conditions?
(a) Working conditions and educational attainment
(b) Access to health services and housing
(c) Water and sanitation and food production
(d) All of the above
Poor health is viewed by economists as:
(a) An asset for generation of healthcare services
(b) A liability as it reduces wealth production
(c) Having no net effect on the economy
(d) Providing incentives for employment
Difficulty in gaining access to health care services is classified as an:
(a) Intermediatedeterminant
(b) Proximaldeterminant
(c) Distal determinant
(d) Distalfactor
Which WHO Charter included an argument that health promotion should be a requirement for good corporate practice?
(a) Bangkok
(b) Mexico City
(c) Ottawa
(d) Sunsvall
What health determinants, not included by Wilkinson and Marmot, have been identified since?
(a) Gender
(b) Culture
(c) Climate effects
(d) Alloftheabove
In the CSDH framework, social cohesion and psychological factors can be better approached through:
(a) Lifestyle and behavioral change
(b) Good healthcare policy
(c) Understanding biological factors
(d) Education and behavioral change
How much has medical care contributed to the increase in longevity since 1900?
(a) 1012.5% (b) 510%
(c) 712% (d) 1015%
Environmental health justice is described as the right to:
(a) Goodenvironmentallaws
(b) A safe, healthy, Productive and sustainable environment
(c) Receive appropriate compensation for environmental disease
(d) A productive, expanding, industrial environment
How many preventable deaths due to lack of access to treated water have been estimated?
(a) 2billion
(b) 1.7million
(c) 3 million
(d) 1billion
The effects of environmental risk, and social and economic activity have given rise to environmental health problems that are:
(a) Clear cause-effect problems
(b) Shortterm,complex, cumulative problems
(c) Long term, cause-effect problems
(d) Longterm, complex, cumulative problems
An important major projected health impact of climatic change related to the effects of drought is:
(a) Reducedcold-relatedmortality
(b) Increased in land migration
(c) Malnutrition and water shortages
(d) Fires and reduced biodiversity
Which of the following contributes to a disturbance in the balance of the microbial world?
(a) Reduction of urbanization and intensive farming
(b) Population growth and environmental degradation
(c) Local marketing and air travel
(d) Urbanisation and environmental control
Which countries are most at risk from a combination of traditional and modern environmental health threats?
(a) Low income countries with poor infrastructure
(b) Developing counties undergoing rapid industrialisation
(c) Developed countries with middle and high incomes
(d)
Which countries are most at risk from a combination of traditional and modern environmental health threats?
(a) Low income countries with poor infrastructure
(b) Developing counties undergoing rapid industrialisation
(c) Developed countries with middle and high incomes
(d) Developing countries with low infrastructures
Health services themselves impact on the environment through: (a) Waste Management Practice
b) Substantial use of natural resources
(c) Power usage
(d) All of the above
What is the main reason it is difficult for low-lying countries, such as those in the Pacific to ensure global action for the activities that are causing climatic change?
(a) Lackofrelevantdiplomaticties
(b) Poor negotiating skills
(c) Lack of economic power
(d) Unrepresented at forums
How many children from developing counties did the World Health Organisation estimate in 2007 to have died from preventable environmental causes?
(a) 8million
(b) 5million
(c) 4 million
(d) 1.7million
The World Health Organisation has estimated that unsafe water supplies and poor sanitation result in:
(a) 1.8 million deaths from diarrhoea per year
(b) 4 million deaths from diarrhoea per year
(c) 6 million deaths from diarrhoea per year
(d) 4 billon deaths from diarrhoea per year
Factors such as overcrowding, poor housing, and infrastructure in Indigenous communities contribute to a hospital admission rate for respiratory disease that is:
(a) Twice that of non-Indigenous Australians
(b) One and a half times that of non-Indigenous Australians
(c) Three times that of non-Indigenous Australians
(d) Four times that of non-Indigenous Australians
WHO have estimated the percentage of the population in industrialised countries who are affected by gastroenteritis each year as:
(a) 40% of the population
(b) 30% of the population
(c) 25% of the population
(d) 10% of the population
What health impact can the run-off from fertilised land have on young babies in developed countries?
(a) Peripheral neuropathy
(b) Reduced oxygen carrying capacity of blood
(c) Diarrhoeal disease
(d) Chronic respiratory disease
What is the estimated difference in life expectancy between Indigenous Australians and non- Indigenous Australians?
(a) 17 years less for Indigenous Australians
(b) 10 years less for Indigenous Australians
(c) 10 years more for non-Indigenous Australians
(d) 12 years more for non-Indigenous Australians
Which of the following is the best example of an area where tension exists between health needs and environmental needs?
(a) Food production and the use of pesticides
(b) Pollution and petrol-driven transport
(c) Management of toxic waste and the environment
(d) Infectious disease and food born disease
A re-emergence of communicable disease in Australia is presicted for the future, related to a warmer climate causing:
(a) Expansion of vector-borne disease
(b) Increasing bacterial multiplication
(c) Spore maturations
(d) All of the above
While developing nations continue to face increasing environmental threats to health such as poor water quality and sanitation, industrial nations face modern threats such as pollution due to:
(a) Changes in ocean temperatures
(b) Reduction in consumption of natural resources
(c) Unsustainable over-development
(d) Natural disasters
The projected health impact of climatic change for people living in Australia includes an increased in food, water and insect vector-borne disease due to more frequent:
(a) High seal levels
(b) Heat waves
(c) Tropical cyclones
(d) Droughts
What percentage of years of life lost in low income countries are due to communicable diseases?
(a) 68% (b) 33% (c) 51% (d) 8%
What threat do depleted stratospheric ozone layer and increased atmospheric temperatures present to people?
(a) Decreased incidence of cataract
(b) Increased immune system function
(c) Increased incidence of skin cancer
(d) All of the above
What year was an Australian federal department of health established?
(a) 1901 (b) 1924 (c) 1910 (d) 1923
Population health is an approach that seeks to improve:
(a) Health and equaliof ty of a whole population
(b) Health and equity in whole of specific populations at risk
(c) Specific populations at risk of disease
(d) Health and education to specific populations
In which year was the World Health Organisation (WHO) founded?
(a) 1914 (b) 1925 (c) 1948 (d) 1945
What was the belief that a healthier population could occur through developing the healthier members?
(a) Eugenics
(b) Darwinism
(c) Practical eugenics
(d) Racial hygiene
What was the main factor that prompted politicians and leaders to take action about the high levels of illness and death in the nineteenth century?
(a) Potential effectsp economic development
(b) Scientific development
(c) Financial cost of illness to the workers
(d) The average life expectancy of the working man
Theaveragelifeexpectancyoftheworkingman
In 1875, infant and child mortality rates in Sydney were 194 per 1000 live births. What was the rate of infant mortality in the poorer population compared to the more privileged population?
(a) Three times the rate
(b) Twice the rate
(c) Four times the rate
(d) Three and half times the rate
New public health signified a change from a:
(a) Behavioural to a social health paradigm
(b) Technological to a behavioural paradigm
(c) Social health to a biomedical paradigm
(d) Behavioural to a technological paradigm
What does the term prevalence of disease mean?
(a) Rate at which an event occurs within a given period of time
(b) Rate at which an event is experienced in a population
(c) Percentage of the population who experiences a disorder at a given point or period of time
(d) Percentage of the population who suffer an event
Australian governments have been inclined to use a population health model that concentrated on:
(a) Global health issues and priorities
(b) Measurement of disease state
(c) Health determinants
(d) Quality of life
Public health is organised through the Federal Government and:
(a) Non-government organisations and community groups
(b) General Practitioner and community
(c) State and local government and non-government organisations
(d) General Practitioner and non-government organization
What was the Black Report (1982) important?
(a) The report demonstrated methods of behavioural intervention for health (b) Thereportidentifiedtheneedforaglobalapproachtosolvehealthproblems (c) The report demonstrated the importance of socio-economic factors on health (d) The report revealed that most of the populations had good access to health care
Which virus was identified in 19662 and had its vaccine first trialled in 1966?
(a) Rubella
(b) Mumps (c) Poliomyelitis (d) Influenza
What results from high rates of sickness and poverty in countries? levels of investment in development
(b) Underinvestmentindevelopment
(c) Increased access to treatment for the population
(d) Decreased vulnerability to disease
When was the first Public Health Act passed in Britain?
(a) 1854 (b) 1870 (c) 1848 (d) 1880
What core WHO commitment is not currently a core public health function in the US and Australia?
(a) Protection of health and safety
(b) Competent healthcare practitioners
(c) Use of community partnerships (d) Comprehensive primary healthcare
The number of deaths each year of infants less than one year of age per 1000 live births in term
(a) Infant morbidity
(b) Infant mortality
(c) Maternal morbidity
(d) Maternal mortality
What is a major problem for organisations involve with planning global health strategies in areas of priority?
(a) The social health problem
(b) Health literacy o
(c) Unreliable data sets
(d) Computerisation
What type of health program concentrates on the treatment of a specific disease?
(a) Education program
(b) Vertical program
(c) Horizontal program
(d) Social health program
What are the main challenges and threats to health in the twenty-first century?
(a) Globalisation,global equalitylities and food security
(b) Globalisation,global in equality and the environment
(c) National debt serving and the environment
(d) Food, security and globalisation
The term morbidity is best defined as:
(a) Therateofincidenceofdeathinaspecifictimeperiod
(b) The rate of incidence or illness
(c) The number of deaths in a defined population
(d) The number of people with a specific illness in a given time
Why did it take until after 1895 for one of the major causes of death in Australia, tuberculosis, to become a proclaimed disease?
(a) The cause of tuberculosis had not been recognised as a bacteria until 1894
(b) There was lack of recognition that tuberculosis was contagious
(c) It took time for governments to develop the means to manage risks to public health
(d) Governments failed to recognise that tuberculosis was a major health risk
In the nineteenth century, rapid urbanisation occurred in Britain, Europe and Australia. This had which of the following effects?
(a) Poor sanitation provision
(b) Contaminated water supplies
(c) Overcrowding of housing
(d) All of the above
What factors led to the formation of the World Health Organisation?
(a) The psychological consequences of World War 1
(b) The influenza epidemic of 1918, 1919
(c) Cholera and typhoid epidemics in Asia
(d) The health and consequences of World War 11
Proclaiming an infectious disease in the late nineteenth century meant that:
(a) The federal quarantine service provided facilities for isolation of people with the disease
(b) Local government had to record the incidence of disease and provide resources to manage them
(c) Sanitation inspectors were provided with the power to quarantine people with an infectious
disease
(d) All of the above
What were the factors that led to the period 1950/1970 being a time when the focus was on curative, rather than a public, approach to health?
(a) Development of new drug treatment
(b) Reluctance to support a social model of health by the USA
(c) Development of biomedical technology
(d) All of the above
What date was set for the Millennium Development Goal targets to be met?
(a) 2020 (b) 2025 (c) 2010 (d) 2015
Which of the following best describes the nurture approach to social reform in Australia in the late nineteenth century
(a) Providesupportandeducationtohealthychildrenonly
(b) Offer incentives to poorer people to cease having children
(c) Offer incentives to the wealthier to have more children
(d) Provide support to mothers from lower socio-economic areas
What was the major cause of death in women in the late nineteenth century?
(a) Infectious disease
(b) Malnutrition
(c) Complications of childbirth
(d) Tuberculosis
The first Public Health Act in Australia was passed in:
(a) 1860 (b) 1848 (c) 1853 (d) 1854
Which of the following reforms best helped to prevent water-borne disease?
(a) Waste disposal, reporting mechanisms and quarantine
(b) Waterpollutioncontrols,andwasteandsewagedisposal
(c) Bacteriology, epidemiology and environmental controls
(d) The Factories Act, water pollution controls and bacteriology
The organisation you work for issues a policy about anti-discrimination in the workplace. Which of the following policy types is this policy?
(a) Advocacy
(b) Administrative (c) Public
(d) Redistributive
What policy improvements are thought to result from using a Health in All Policies approach to policy development?
(a) All policies for all tiers of government are developed by an overarching committee
(b) Each tier of government develops their policies separately
(c) Improved population health, equity and policy outcomes
(d) Improved population health y decreased equality
A committee meeting to discuss a policy currently being formulated is considering how best to address a health issue. During the meeting one committee member keeps bringing up the findings of a recent research study relevant to who should oversee the actioning of the policy. However, the majority of the committee feel differently about how the actions proposed in the policy should be managed. This is an example of a clash between:
(a) Political and technical rationalities
(b) Political and cultural rationalities (c) Technical and cultural rationalities (d) None of the above
Political and technical rationalities
What type do framework do Australians expect health policies to be based on?
(a) A market framework that includes public/private partnerships
(b) A social framework that supports those who have social inclusion
(c) A values framework that addresses inequity and provision of support
(d) An environmental framework that considers sustainability
Which of the following types of policy may be viewed by government with some wariness due to the political affiliations and values of the organization which produced it?
(a) Organizationalpolicy (b) Policyforadvocacy (c) Public policy
(d) Policyforchange
State and Territory Governments are responsible for:
(a) Fundingforimmunisation,maternalchildcareandhealthpromotion (b) Environmentalhealth,culturalandcommunitydevelopment
(c) Social well-being and the Pharmaceutical Benefit Scheme (d) Healthinsurance,agedcare,sanitationandwastedisposal
What should be done prior to the release of any policy into the public domain?
(a) Check that the proposal meets political objectives
(b) Apilotstudyoftheproposedactions
(c) Analyse the impact on all of the population
(d) Assess possible impact on vulnerable groups
Australia is classified as a:
(a) Liberalstate
(b) Socialdemocraticstate
(c) Neoliberal state
(d) ConservativeState
Which of the following is not a principle underpinning the HiAP approach to policy development?
(a) That health is impacted by a few factors that are evenly distributed in the community
(b) That the public should be consulted regularly and receive progress reports on impact of
policy
(c) There is the potential for partnerships between governments, academia and industry
(d) That sustainable mechanisms and integrated solutions are required
The Federal Government is responsible for:
(a) Community services for youth and social well-being
(b) Drugs,environmentalhealthandimmunisation
(c) Immunisation, school health and dental screening
(d) Healthinsurance,foodlabellingandagedcare
Which of the following are policies for advocacy?
(a) Positionstatements
(b) Protocols
(c) Practice guidelines
(d) Nationactionplans
Which of the following best defines a health policy?
(a) Actions developed by governments or public authorities to tackle a specific problem (b) Formal statement by the government that defines priorities and actions in response to health needs (c) Statements by public authorities about how to solve a problem
(d) Formal statement by a public authority to tackle a specific problem
What was the reason for a move to the welfare state after World War 2?
(a) To build a healthy population and lessen class conflict
(b) To rebuild the economy, national identity and meet social needs
(c) Because of a fear of communism and to build national identity
(d) To reward people for their endeavours during the war
High levels of state intervention, trade union membership, and spending on social security are characteristics of a:
(a) Neoliberalstate
(b) Conservativestate
(c) Liberal state
(d) Socialdemocraticstate
What is an example of external drivers that may cause a health issues to become a policy development issue?
(a) Issues seen as important by the ruling political party platform
(b) Mediareportingofahealthissuewithsupportingopinionpolls
(c) Change of ministers in the health portforlio
(d) Alloftheabove
A policy is a statement of:
(a) Actions to be taken to solve a specific problem or set of problems
(b) Procedures that end in definition, redefinition or change of an issue situation
(c) Intention including aims, goals, objective
(d) Alloftheabove
Which of the following do not fall under the responsibilities of Local Government?
(a) Sanitation,wastedisposalandenvironmentalhealth
(b) Healthinsurance,PoisonsAct,andnursinghomes
(c) Community services, social well-being and immunisation
(d) Noneoftheabove
A politician identified as a neoliberal would believe that:
(a) An individual is acted on by social influences
(b) The collective is more important than the individual
(c) What is good for the individual is good for society
(d) Peopleshouldbeprotectedfromeconomicrationalism
What philosophy underpins welfare policies?
(a) Economicrationalism
(b) Self-relianceandprivatepartnerships
(c) Equitable redistribution of income and wealth
(d) Inequality of access to income and resources
Public policies developed by the government of the day are guided by:
(a) Bipartisan values of the government and opposition
(b) The policies of all political parties
(c) The values of the political party in government
(d) The values of the population
People are more likely to adopt a new idea if it is uncomplicated and:
(a) Does not have an advantage over current practice
(b) Atrialofthenewideasisnotpossible
(c) Compatible with social norms and someone else is doing it
(d) They are going to be the first to try it in their group
When planning location and distribution of the marketing campaign locations the target audience frequents, available distribution channels are identified to:
(a) Estimate monetary profits from the campaign
(b) Definethecommunicationchannel
(c) Increase the campaigns access to the target audience
(d) Form partnerships with community organisations
A current campaign using television, film, print and electronic media emphasises the health benefits if people change their health behaviours. What type of strategy is the campaign using?
(a) Healtheducation
(b) Socialmarketing
(c) Advocacy programs
(d) Noneoftheabove
What are two of the competitive external factors that need to be considered in planning a social marketing campaign on alcohol?
(a) Feelinggoodandpleasure
(b) Socialacceptanceandcustom
(c) Desire and addiction
(d) Risktakingandfeelingpowerful
The theory underpinning social marketing campaigns is that if provided with information about the risks of behaving in certain ways and the benefits of alternative ways they will:
(a) Gainapositiveviewoftheriskybehaviour (b) Changebehaviouriftheirhealthisaffected (c) Adopt healthier behaviours
(d) Adoptaneutralperspectiveontheissue
When is a campaign that uses fear for a current threat likely to be successful in changing behaviours?
(a) Once the threat is well established and people can see if it has an effect
(b) Ifthemessageisdiscounted
(c) If the threat is well established and people think they are not at risk
(d) If people see the proposed behavioural change as useful and effective
Involvement of the community in planning social marketing campaigns has been reported to:
(a) Decrease the effectiveness of the campaign
(b) Make no difference to effectiveness of the campaign
(c) Increase the effectiveness of the campaign
(d) Decrease the ability to measure effectiveness
A marketing campaign for a specific type of alcohol is underway nationally. A social marketing campaign about the risks of alcohol is being developed. What is the difference between the two marketing campaigns?
(a) There is no difference as they are both selling a product
(b) Both types are offering a service to a client
(c) Marketing and social marketing both aim to provide social benefit
(d) Marketing is for commercial gain, social marketing for social benefit
Latrogenesis refers to:
(a) Desiredeffectsofusingafearappealapproachtohealtheducation
(b) Unintended adverse effects due to treatment or advice from a health care provider
(c) Intended effects of treatment or advice from a health care provider
(d) A top down approach to provision of advice by a health care provider
What is a particular challenge to the ability of social marketing in Australia to enable consumers to critically interpret mass media messages and make informed decisions?
(a) Thevastdistances
(b) Adultliteracylevels
(c) Lack of internet access
(d) Scare campaigns by opposition groups
Which of the following are cost benefits to include when planning a social marketing campaign for smoking cessation?
(a) Health costs to the individual over time if they change their behaviour
(b) Reduced costs to the health care system over time
(c) Less absences from work due to less smoking-related illness
(d) Alloftheabove
Victim blaming is an attitude that holds a person:
(a) Whollyorpartiallyresponsiblefortheirownhealthproblems
(b) To have no control over events that cause ill-health
(c) Responsible for their own and others health problems
(d) Contributes to social problems by their behaviours
The effect of scare or fear campaigns is to:
(a) Decreasepeoplesacceptanceofthemessage
(b) Increase peoples acceptance of the message (c) Increase peoples exposure to the message (d) Decrease peoples exposure to the message
What is the secret to communicating public health messages?
(a) Telling people what they need to know about a public issue
(b) Knowing what motivates and interests people enough for them to change
(c) Telling people what is best for them to do
(d) Telling people what is the right thing to do in their circumstances
Where within the health promotion framework is social marketing situated?
(a) Upstream
(b) Downstream (c) Midstream (d) Lowerstream
What are the potential effects of a fear campaign?
(a) Allofthefollowing
(b) Creationofstigma
(c) Message seen as irrelevant
(d) That is has the opposite effect
The best example of a comprehensive multifaceted public health program is the:
(a) Drinkdrivingcampaigns
(b) GrimReapercampaigns
(c) Responsible medication use campaign
(d) Healthyeatingcampaign
Social marketing is used in public health for:
(a) Sourcingfunding
(b) Publiceducationonsocialissues
(c) Increasing awareness of public health
(d) Changingdecision-makingbehaviours
An Australian survey of attitudes to road safety and factors contributing to road crashes found that:
(a) Males identified speed and drink driving as contributed factors more than females
(b) Females identified speed and drink driving as contributing factors more than males
(c) Males ages 15-24 years were less likely to identify drink driving as the main factor
(d) Females aged 15-24 years were less likely to identify speed as a factor
Exchange theory is best exemplified in a social marketing campaign that promotes the:
(a) Effects on the health care system
(b) Long-term effects of the behaviour on the family
(c) Negative effects of a behaviour on health
(d) Positive effects to health if an old behaviour is stopped
Some communities will be without the knowledge and skills to set goals, prioritise issues and forward plan. Using community development the health practitioner:
(a) Develops a plan with other experts that the community can adopt
(b) Helps the community to remain at the point they are
(c) Uses their expertise to make decisions and plan for the community
(d) Workswiththecommunityatthepointtheyareatandsupportstheirdecisions
Why are middle-class health practitioner programs less likely to achieve their goal?
(a) They fail to use processes that truly engage the community
(b) Theymainlyworkonindividualhealthprograms
(c) They are too confident in their skills
(d) They prefer to use a bottom-up approach
What principles underpin community participation where any member of the community may have input into the process?
(a) Humanrights (b) Democracy
(c) Citizenship
(d) Alloftheabove
Which of the following abilities are attributes that workers for community development in health require?
(a) Understanding of local, prioritised determinants of health
(b) The ability to see each action required for creating healthy communities in detail
(c) The ability to work independently
(d) The ability to use their professional power
Community engagement refers to a strategy that involves all of the following except:
(a) Working with diverse groups and communities
(b) Working with disadvantages or vulnerable groups and communities
(c) Working to decrease social inclusion
(d) Working to increase access to health services
Which of the following are not community/ political outcomes of an empowerment program?
(a) Increasedaccountabilityandmaterialassets
(b) Decreasedcorruptionandtransparency
(c) Increased social capital
(d) Decreases civil liberties and participation
Partnerships, organisational and workforce development, resource allocation and leadership are all required for:
(a) Individualdevelopment
(b) Healthpromotion
(c) Health education
(d) Capacitybuilding
A group in a village that only has a poor water resource from a polluted river 3 kilometres away, meet and formulate a plan to get clean water source in the community. The villagers then become involved and ultimately they are successful in getting a new well in the village. They also develop strategies to ensure that the new water source is uncontaminated, equally shared and kept functioning. This process is an example of:
(a) Communitystrengthening
(b) Communityaction
(c) Community engagement
(d) Communityhealth
Partnerships between organisations and community groups are used to:
(a) Improvehealthoutcomes
(b) Buildcapacity
(c) Build communities
(d) Alloftheabove
According to Raeburn and Corbett (2003), which of the following practices is not characteristic of community-controlled community development?
(a) Health professionals work as co-facilitators to empower and build capacity in the community
(b) Consultation, discussion and needs assessment involving staff from local organisations
(c) Health professionals consult, discuss and carry out needs assessment involving community
representatives
(d) Partnershipwithsharedbalanceofpoweranddecisionmaking
A partnership has been formed between a number of people representing different health and other disciplines with specific knowledge to work together on a program, to develop strategies and actions for a problem that a community group has identified.
This partnership is:
(a) Project-oriented (b) Problem-oriented (c) Ethical
(d) Ideological
Community development is a process based on:
(a) Having the health professionals direct the community towards the desired social change
(b) Providing programs to the community to drive the social change
(c) Using social marketing directed at bringing about change in the community
(d) Having the people draw on resources and actively drive the social change
Sharing information for mutual benefit is common to all types of partnerships, but which type of partnership includes altering activities and sharing resources for mutual benefit and common purpose?
(a) Collaborativepartnership
(b) Coordinationpartnership
(c) Cooperating partnership
(d) Networkingpartnership
Which of the following is an organisational outcome of an empowerment program?
(a) Motivation to act
(b) Interestinsocialcapital
(c) Sustainability
(d) Increasedtransparency
Freires (1970) adult literacy method was based on a:
(a) Top-down linear process of education
(b) Bottom-up linear process of education
(c) Dynamic cyclic process involving critical reflection
(d) Staticcyclicprocessinvolvingdescription
Community development requires the health professional to do all of the following except:
(a) Empower the people or community to make change
(b) Recognise and use their own power to drive change
(c) Support the people or community to make change
(d) Incorporate the opinions of the people or community into decision making
Community engagement is a process where health workers engage with communities:
(a) On health or social issues affecting them and the processes that will tackle the issues
(b) In making decisions related to health policy and planning for the community
(c) Who are making decisions related to well-being of themselves and the community
(d) Making meaningful decisions related to care and treatment of themselves and the
community
Benefits that accrue from working in partnership include:
(a) Communityexclusiveness
(b) Sharedresources,knowledgeandskills
(c) Form relationships for the short-term
(d) Decreasedefficiency
A health promotion activity on bullying in the workplace is planned and carried out in a workplace. Which characteristic of practices that involve the community is this an example of?
(a) Communityparticipation
(b) Useofasettingapproach
(c) Consultation and discussion
(d) Partnership
Barriers to community development in health include:
(a) Activeparticipatorymechanisms
(b) Supportfromgroupswithhealthyinvestments
(c) Long-term funding of the program
(d) Community expectations of service deliverers
What percentage of years of life lost in low income countries are due to communicable disease?
(a) 68% (b) 33% (c) 51% (d) 8%
The effects of environmental risk, and social economic activity have given rise to environmental health problems that are:
(a) Clearcause-effectproblems
(b) Shortterm,complex,cumulativeproblems
(c) Long term, cause-effect problems
(d) Longterm,complex,cumulativeproblems
A re-emergence of communicable disease in Australia is predicted for the future, related to a warmer climate causing:
(a) Expansionofvector-bornedisease
(b) Increasingbacterialmultiplication
(c) Spore maturation
(d) Alloftheabove
The projected health impact of climatic change for people living in Australia includes an increase in food, water and insect vector-borne disease due to more frequent:
(a) Highsealevels
(b) Heatwaves
(c) Tropical cyclones
(d) Droughts
Which countries are most at risk from a combination of traditional and modern environmental health threats?
(a) Low income countries with poor infrastructure
(b) Developingcountriesundergoingrapidindustrialisation
(c) Developed countries with middle and high incomes
(d) Developingcountrieswithlowinfrastructure
What is the estimated difference in life expectancy between Indigenous Australians and non- Indigenous Australians?
(a) 17 years less for Indigenous Australians
(b) 10 years less for Indigenous Australians
(c) 10 years more for non-Indigenous Australians
(d) 12 years more for non-Indigenous Australians
Which of the following is the best example of an area where tension exists between health needs and environmental needs?
(a) Foodproductionanduseofpesticides (b) Pollutionandpetrol-driventransport (c) Management of toxic waste and the environment (d) Infectious disease and food-borne disease
What is the main reason it is difficult for low lying countries, such as those in the Pacific, to institute global action for the activities that are causing climatic change?
(a) Lackofrelevantdiplomaticties
(b) Poornegotiationskills
(c) Lack of economic power
(d) Unrepresentedatforums
What health impact can the run-off from fertilised land have on young babies in developing countries?
(a) Peripheralneuropathy
(b) Reducedoxygencarryingcapacityofblood
(c) Diarrhoeal disease
(d) Chronicrespiratorydisease
While developing nations continue to face increasing environmental threats to health such as poor water quality and sanitation, industrial nations face modern threats such as pollution due to:
(a) Changes in ocean temperature
(b) ReductionIconsumptionofnaturalresources
(c) Unsustainable over-development
(d) Naturaldisasters
WHO have estimated the percentage of the population in industrialised countries who are affected by gastroenteritis each year as?
(a) 40% of the population
(b) 30%ofthepopulation
(c) 25% of the population
(d) 10%ofthepopulation
An important major projected health impact of climatic change related to the effects of drought is:
(a) Reducedcold-relatedmortality
(b) Increasedinlandmigration
(c) Malnutrition and water shortages
(d) Fires and reduced biodiversity
How many children from developing countries did the World Health Organisation estimate in 2007 to have died from preventable environmental causes?
(a) 8million
(b) 5million
(c) 4 million
(d) 1.7million
The World Health Organisation has estimated that unsafe water supplies and poor sanitation result in:
(a) 1.8 million deaths from diarrhoea per year
(b) 4 million deaths from diarrhoea per year
(c) 6 million deaths from diarrhoea per year
(d) 4 billion deaths from diarrhoea per year
What threat do depleted stratospheric ozone layer and increased atmospheric temperatures present to people?
(a) Decreasedincidenceofcataracts
(b) Increasedimmunesystemfunction
(c) Increased incidence of skin cancer
(d) Alloftheabove
Health services themselves impact on the environment through:
(a) Wastemanagementpractices
(b) Substantialuseofnaturalresources
(c) Power usage
(d) Alloftheabove
Environmental health justice is described as the right to:
(a) Goodenvironmentallaws
(b) Asafe,healthy,productiveandsustainableenvironment
(c) Receive appropriate compensation for environmental disease
(d) Aproductive,expanding,industrialenvironment
How many preventable deaths due to lack of access to treated water have been estimated?
(a) 2billion
(b) 1.7million
(c) 3 million
(d) 1billion
Factors such as overcrowding, poor housing and infrastructure in Indigenous communities contribute to a hospital admission rate for respiratory disease that is:
(a) Twice that of non-Indigenous Australians
(b) One and a half times that of non-Indigenous Australians
(c) Three times that of non-Indigenous Australians
(d) Four times that of non-Indigenous Australians
Which of the following contribute to disturbance in the balance of the microbial world?
(a) Reductionofurbanisationandintensivefarming
(b) Populationgrowthandenvironmentaldegradation
(c) Local marketing and air travel
(d) Urbanisationandenvironmentalcontrols