Health is best described as a resource that allows a person to have:
(a) A social and spiritual life
(b) A productive social and economic life
(c) Economic well-being
(d) Physical capacity

What distinguishes primary health care from primary care?
(a) A focus on primary, secondary and tertiary intervention
(b) Provision of interventions specific to the health need
(c) Works within a multidisciplinary framework
(d) Planning and operation of services is centralised

The main aim of public health is to improve health by:
(a) Providingmedicalinterventionappropriatefortheindividual
(b) Performing research to compare the effectiveness of treatments
(c) Promoting health and preventing disease in populations
(d) Providing advice on risk markers and genetics to families

Comprehensive primary health care is characterised by activities that work to change:
(a) Social and political determinants of illness
(b) Economic and educational well-being
(c) Health status in communities, regions or cities
(d) All of the above

Health care is predominantly:
(a) The providence of the diagnostician
(b) Community focused
(c) Political in nature
(d) Independentinnature

A determinant that is clearly related to a change in health status is defined as a:
(a) Distal determinant
(b) Social determinant
(c) Proximal determinant
(d) Ecological determinant

Primary prevention is concerned with:
(a) Preventing disease or illness occurring
(b) Delaying the progress of an existing disease or illness
(c) Maintaining current health status
(d) Treatment of existing disease or illness

Predictors of future population health includes factors such as:
(a) Peoples circumstances (b) Childhood lifestyle factors
c) Geographic location of people (d) All of the above

Primary health care focuses on:
(a) Providing early diagnosis and treatment
(b) Performing health surveillance measure
(c) Exploring the relationship between determinants of health
(d) Reducing inequality and effects of disadvantages

An example of primary health care is an:
(a) Nurse practitioner clinic
(b) Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organization
(c) Outpatient clinic for a specific disease process
(d) Aged Care Services Organisation

Social determinants of health:
(a) are constant between similar population
(b) Refer specifically to the characteristics of health
(c) May vary between similar populations
(d) Refer specifically to methods that can be used to measure health

Which approach to health is the most concerned with the social causes of disease, injustice and inequity?
(a) Biomedical
(b) Behavioural
(c) Ecological
(d) New public health

Which of the following models of health is the primary health care approach based on?
(a) Behavioural (b) Economic (c) Social
(d) Education

Sustainability refers to the ability of a program to:
(a) Be uncompromising when disturbances occur in social and environmental systems
(b) Identify and reduce risk factors and lifestyle behaviours affecting health
(c) Meet current needs without affecting the ability of people in the future to meet their needs
(d) Focus on the social, political, economic and ecological dimensions of health

A person working as a health educator uses an approach that views health as related to:
(a) Pathological process
(b) Behavioural change
(c) Health screening
(d) Minimising complications

Primary health care is usually practiced in:
(a) Community health services and NGOs
(b) Community and acute care clinic
(c) Aboriginal health services and NGOs
(d) Health education units

Social Justice refers to:
(a) Ensuring the punishment fits the crime
(b) An ethical concept based on human rights and fairness
(c) Social inclusion
(d) An ethical concept based on autonomy

The Ottawa Charter described health in terms of:
(a) The presence of disease
(b) The presence of health
(c) The object for living
(d) Physical capabilities

Health literacy is best defined as the capacity of a person to:
(a) Readhealth-related literature
(b) Follow medical instructions for specific health problems
(c) Recognise and know how to find information about a health problem
(d) Access the internet

Most people view health based on their:
(a) Personalknowledgeandexperience
(b) Life situation
(c) Cultural background
(d) All of the above

Health equity refers to the:
(a) Right to fair distribution of health services
(b) Disparities in health status among individuals
(c) Discrimination inherent in health care
(d) Statistical difference in health between groups

Which of the following best describes the principles that underlie the social health model?
(a) Individualised technologies and responsibilities
(b) Separation of health from the environment and spiritual belief
(c) Reduction of individual risk factors and individual or community-based education
(d) Reductionofinequityandempowermentwithindividualsandcommunities

Which of the following is the best description of life expectancy?
(a) The number of years people in a specific group or population can expect to live
(b) The number of years all people in all populations expect to live
(c) The minimum number of years people in a specific group expect to live
(d) The maximum number of years people in a specific group of population expect to live

Legislation enacted by the Federal Government with the aim of reducing health-related risk factors, such as increasing taxation on harmful products, has been due to:
(a) Public Health Advocacy
(b) Primarycare
(c) Health education
(d) Product manufacture

What does the term selective primary health care mean?
(a) Care focused on individual technology than equality
(b) An emphasis on promoting equity and justice
(c) A plan to confront determinants of illness
(d) Care focused on identifying causes of disease

For primary health care to improve health, people must first have:
(a) Access to medical services
(b) Their basic needs met
(c) A health promotion program
(d) Electronic medical records

The key elements the World Health Organization sees as necessary to achieve better health for all include:
(a) Decreasinginclusioninhealthcarecoverage
(b) Increasingstakeholderparticipation
(c) Centralising and standardizing health service delivery
(d) Reducinguseofcollaborativemodels

The term used to describe measurable differences in attaining health is:
(a) Healthequity
(b) Healthinequity
(c) Health gradient
(d) Health inequality

Allocation of health resources to one geographic area or group is an example of:
(a) Health inequality
(b) Health equality
(c) Health inequality
(d) Healthjustice

Understanding of health determinants is essential for:
(a) Primary health care interventions and assessment
(b) Effective programs to enable people to maintain good health
(c) Organisation of health services in regions or cities
(d) Acute care service provision

Health promotion advocates did NOT view health as:
(a) Are a source of life
(b) The reason for living
(c) A positive concept
(d) Including personal resources

Collective efforts by a group to increase their control over health determinants is known as
(a) Community control
(b) Community action
(c) Health activism
(d) Public policy

What role were health professionals seen as fulfilling in health promotion?
(a) Enabling and nurturing health promotion
(b) Controlling the health promotion agenda
(c) Monitoring the health care team
(d) Working with teachers

What factors besides lan degradation affect the ability to create supportive environments?
(a) Rapidpopulationgrowthandclimateevents
(b) Productive food harvest
(c) Political and social accord
(d) Economic stability

At the Fourth International Health Promotion Conference, which of the following strategies was designed to achieve the priority of social responsibility for health?
(a) Investment in housing development
(b) Furtherdeveloppartnershipsforsocialdevelopment
(c) Develop intersectional infrastructure for health promotion
(d) Restrictproductionandtradeofharmfulsubstances

What effect does the concentration of power and resources in a minority of the population generally have on the health of county as a whole?
(a) Improves development of health intervention
(b) Provides improved health to the population
(c) Increases inequity in health in the country
(d) Provides access to biomedical technology

What health term is used to refer to the physical and social features of the settings people live and work in and their access to resources for living?
(a) Health environment
(b) Supportive environment
(c) Community
(d) Social and community network

What were the three ways to nurture health proposed in the Ottawa Charter?
(a) Control,empowermentandfunding
(b) Control,arbitrationandenabling
(c) Advocacy, funding and policy
(d) Advocacy,mediationandenabling

What is the health public policy?
(a) A program to increase political investment in health
(b) A financial incentive program to encourage health seeking behaviours
(c) Creation of a supportive environment to enable people to lead healthy lives
(d) Creationofincreasedinvestmentinhealthbytheprivatesector

In which city in a developing country was the First International Conference on Health Promotion held?
(a) Bangkok,Thailand
(b) Mexico City, Mexico
(c) Nairobi, Kenya
(d) Jakarta,Indonesia

Which WHO meeting left to the shift in the power form health care providers to health care consumers and communities?
(a) HealthforAllbytheYear2000
(b) AlmaAta
(c) First International Health Promotion Conference
(d) AustralianBetterHealthCommission

What did the Fourth International Health Promotion Conference decide needed to be done about the effects of health promotion policy and practice?
(a) Dissemination of evidence of the effects on health and health equity
(b) Collectionandreviewoftheevidenceoftheeffectofhealthpromotion
(c) Provide infrastructure to collect evidence on the outcome of health promotion
(d) Alloftheabove

What event potentially constitutes the largest public health challenge in the twenty-first century?
(a) Increase in conflict and refugees
(b) Climatechangehealthimpacts
(c) Global travel and epidemics
(d) Increase in lifestyle disease
What precipitated the need for the Nairobi Call for Action?
(a) Reduction in Global Conflict
(b) Decreased need to manage communicable disease
(c) Narrowing of gender equity issues
(d) Widening inequities in health, in and between countries

What environmental aspects need to be addressed in strategies for health promotion? (a)Maximisationofdevelopmentofthebuiltenvironment
(b)Maximisationoftheuseofnaturalresourcesindevelopment
(c) Maintenance and protection of built and natural environments
(d)Develophealthpolicyseparatefromenvironmentalconcerns

The Ottawa Charter stated that the development of personal skills was a process: (a) That was lifelong to prepare the individual for life stages and to make choices to enhance their health
(b) That commenced with an illness encounter and assisted the individual to cope
(c) Dependent upon public health care education programs
(d) Provided by for groups who were open to equity and inequality

What aspects of health had changed by the latter part of the twentieth century?
(a) Emphasis on medical interventions for health
(b) Increaseinnon-communicabledisease
(c) Rod of the individual in health care
(d) All of the above

What method provided wider inclusion of participants in the Seventh International Conference on Health Promotion in Nairobi?
(a) Singleparticipatoryapproach
(b) Virtualparticipation
(c) Workshop location
(d) Conference documents

What action did the Bangkok conference on health promotion see as providing protection from harm and equal opportunity for health and well-being for all?
(a) Investmentinsustainableresources
(b) Advocacyforhumanrights
(c) Regulation and legislation
(d) Buildingcapacityforpolicydevelopment

How does health promotion affect general policy formulation?
(a) Policymakersoutsidehealthwillbedirectedbyhealthdepartments
(b) Health policy makers need to ensure that they have considered all possible policy areas
(c) All policy makers need to consider how they can contribute to health promotion
(d) Policies need to be legislated so everyone will follow them

How did the output in the Nairobi Call for Action differ from the statements of precious conferences on health promotion?
(a) Recommendedempowermentofindividuals
(b) Recommended development of individuals skills
(c) Provision of working documents for the attendees
(d) Provision of evidence-based strategies and actions

Who did the Fourth International Conference of Health Promotion actively involve for the first time, in setting the priorities for promotion health in the twenty-first century?

(a) Non-governmentalorganisations
(b) Charitablefoundations
(c) The private sector
(d) Universities

In which groups had health promotion been most successful?
(a) Lower socio-economic groups in developing counties
(b) Privilegedpeopleindevelopedcounties
(c) Indigenous populations in developed countries
(d) Middlesocio-economicgroupsindevelopingcountries

Health promotion has evolved over the last four decades from initial concerns about disease prevention. What is the primary focus for health promotion in the twenty-first century?
(a) Newtechnology
(b) Developingpublichealth
(c) Social determinants
(d) Risk management

Which of the following forces have the potential to hinder achieving th foals for health?
(a) International marketing strategies
(b) The Internet/electronic communication
(c) Movement across national and international boundaries
(d) All of the above

Public health improvement in the early nineteenth century occurred due to:
(a) Government initiated structure
(b) Public Health Services
(c) Individuals taking action
(d) Non-governmental organizations

What did the Ottawa Charter do for health promotion?
(a) Identified conditions required for disease and illness
(b) Strengthened the role of biomedical professionals in health promotion
(c) Developed the strategies to be used by health promotors
(d) Identified key concepts, actions and strategies od health promotion

At the Third International Conference on Health Promotion, which specific group did the action strategy for strengthening advocacy target?
(a) Thepoor
(b) Non-governmentorganisations (c) Women
(d) Privatesectoragencies

What did the Sixth Global Conference on Health Promotion in Bangkok identify, other than community and skills, that was needed to improve health?
(a) Building alliances between the public and private sectors (b) Reducingcapacityforhealthliteracy
(c) Making policy to meet the specific need of the time (d) All of the above

Protection of the environment and sustainable use of resources was to help foster:
(a) Social responsibility for health
(b) Trade surpluses to fund health care
(c) Reduced effects of climate change
(d) Infrastructureforhealthprom

What was the initial level that wages for Indigenous workers were set by the Queensland government?
(a) Fifty percent less than non-Indigenous workers
(b) Twenty-five percent less than non-Indigenous workers
(c) Twelve point five percent of non-Indigenous workers
(d) Forty percent less than non-Indigenous workers

How did the Aboriginal people of Australia view land at the time of first settlement?
(a) As a capital resource
(b) As something they were part of
(c) As something to overcome
(d) As an asset for farming

The Northern Territory Emergency Response intervention was stated to be initiated as a response to what problems in Aboriginal communities
(a) Poor financial management
(b) Increased chronic health
(c) Child sexual abuse
(d) Lackofnativetitle

The Indigenous perspective of land meant that they saw themselves as:

(a) Having obligations to others in their clan
(b) Having a spiritual connection to the land
(c) Being custodians of the land
(d) All of the above

What effect on Indigenous children did separation from their families have?
(a) Disruption to kinship patterns
(b) Lossofculturalidentity
(c) Enforced dependency
(d) All of the above

What was the reason behind the proposal in 1874 that the Coranderrk Aboriginal Station be abandoned?
(a) The poor land practices of the inhabitants
(b) The unhealthy surroundings by the river
(c) The value of the land where it was situated
(d) Lackofenterprisebytheinhabitants

The second part of the 1967 referendum was passed with a 90.77 percent Yes vote. The first question asked Australian voters to agree that the Constitution be amended to include Indigenous Australians in the population count. What did the second question ask?
(a) If Indigenous Australians should be recognised as original inhabitants in to the Australian Constitution
(b) If the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights should be written into the Australian Constitution
(c) If they should be sequestered from those the federal government had power to make laws for
(d) If they should be included in those people the federal government had power to make laws for

What was the Aboriginal population of the Port Phillip colony estimated to be by 1850
(a) Less than 2000
(b) Less than 3000
(c) Between 10005000
(d) Between60007000

The effects of loss of self-esteem due to historical, intergenerational, and welfare dependency are mirrored in the following rates:
(a) Suicide in Indigenous men between 35-34 years
(b) Suicide in Indigenous women between 25-34 years
(c) A median gross weekly income of 64% of that of non-Indigenous adults
(d) Reduced labour force participation rated for the Indigenous population

What proportion of Indigenous families are estimated to have been affected by the removal of children into state control across Australia?
(a) 1in4families
(b) 1in3families
(c) 2 in 4 families
(d) 2in3families

What does the term collective trauma describe?
(a) Psychologicaltraumaintheremovedchildren
(b) Alackofexperienceofchildhoodbytheremovedchildren
(c) Lack of role models for parenting for the removed children
(d) Psychological trauma within the Indigenous community

What percentage of the prisoner population did the Indigenous prisoners account for?
(a) 28% (b) 30% (c) 26% (d)22%

Whose authority removed Indigenous children for their families in Victoria in the late 1800s? (a) TheGeneralInspectoroftheBoardforProtectionofAborigines
(b) The Governor of Victoria
(c) The Victorian Child Welfare Agency (d) TheInspectorGeneralofHealthforVictoria

The major reason for the impoverishment of the Australian Indigenous population by mid-1800 was:
(a) Loss of access to traditional land
(b) Introduced disease
(c) European foodstuffs
(d) Lack of employment

Removal of Indigenous children from their families, segregation of Indigenous families onto settlements and missions, and the policies of assimilation were based on the principles of:
(a) SocialDarwinism
(b) Geneticdependency
(c) Matthew effect
(d) Predestination

What was the estimated original Aboriginal population of the Port Phillip colony?
(a) 4000 (b) 10,000 (c) 12,000 (d) 600

Aboriginal people use a holistic approach to health as opposed to a:
(a) Progressivehealthmodel
(b) Mandalahealthmodel
(c) Linear health model
(d) Globalhealthmodel

What two myths continue to affect the future of Australian Indigenous health?
(a) Terra Nullis and Mabo Decision
(b) Terra Nullis and the White Australia Policy
(c) The White Australia Policy and the 1967 referendum
(d) The1967referendumandTerraNullis

The burden of illness and disease within the Indigenous Australian community is estimated as
(a) Twice that of non-Indigenous Australians
(b) Half that of non-Indigenous Australians
(c) 23 times that of non-Indigenous Australians
(d) 34 times that of non-Indigenous Australians

As reported by the CSDH, the most important determinant of health, life expectancy and productivity is the:
(a) Material situations people attain
(b) Psychosocial aspects of behaviour
(c) Social conditions of people from birth onwards
(d) Social conditions of people in adulthood

What type of determinant is the lack of public transport to reach school or work?
(a) Proximal
(b) Distal
(c) Transitional (d) Intermediate

What percentage of economic activity did Kickbusch estimate the mainstream health sector contributed in South Australia?
(a) 1012% (b) 1013% (c) 510% (d) 518%

According to Robertson and Minkler, what role do non-government organisations play in their relationship with individuals and economic of political factors relation to health?
(a) Conduitsfordelivery (b) Structuralsponsors (c) Mediators (d) Antagonists

Which of the following are described as distal determinants of health?
(a) Lifestyle behaviors and poor health care access (b) Inadequate nutrition and housing (c) Anti-discrimination laws and taxation (d) Public provision of health services

From the evidence, which two determinants of health are being shown to be the most important in relation to health?
(a) Social support and physical environment
(b) Social and economic status
(c) Education and employment
(d) Genetic endowment and coping skills

The goal of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health was to influence change in health policy by
(a)Producing a definite list of health determinants
(b) Empowering the role of non-government organizations
(c) Collecting and synthesizing scientific evidence
d) Providing Financial support through the World Bank

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